RESUMO
Objective: This study was conducted to quantify the normal indices of anthropometric measures related to ophthalmology including Interpupillary distance [IPD], Inner canthal distance [ICD], Outer canthal distance [OCD] in a normal, healthy Pakistani population
Methods: This is a cross sectional study. Total 500 patients were chosen randomly but 499 were included in this study. Patients were selected randomly in an outpatient department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi, over the period of five months. IPD, ICD and OCD all measurements were taken with the help of plastic rule by only one researcher to minimize chances of error as much as possible. IPD was reconfirmed from auto refractometer while ICD and OCD readings were taken twice by occluding one eye of researcher to reduce error. Participants were divided into four categories on basis of: Age, Gender, ethnicity and geographical location. Patients were further categorized on basis of Ethnicity to Urdu Speaking, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pathan, and others. Moreover, four age groups were drawn ranging from 15-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-64 years and 65 years and greater
Results: Our study comprised a total of 499 patents of which 272[54.5%] were males, and 227[45.5%] were females. The mean age of the participants was 39.3 +/- 14.5 years. The mean values for the IPD, ICD and OCD in mm were 61.8 +/- 6.2, 30.9 +/- 2.9 and 85.2 +/- 6.6 respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between IPD, ICD and OCD Indices among male and female study participants [p<0.001, p=0.043, p<0.001]. While comparing the IPD, ICD and OCD indices amongst the different ethnic groups, we found no statistically significant difference [p=0.09. p=0.28, p=0.06]. Overall, there was no correlation between the age and other variables i.e. IPD, ICD, OCD, [r = 0.07, p = 0.085], [r = 0.005, p = 0.906], [r = -0.08, p = 0.058]
Conclusion: This work has recommended normative values of IPD, ICD and OCD in Pakistani population on the basis different variables including gender, age, and ethnicity
RESUMO
Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two cycloplegic drugs used in cycloplegic refraction in hyperopic children
Study Design: Hospital based cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Out-patient department of Ophthalmology Dow University of Health Science [Ohja campus], Karachi Pakistan from January 2011 to June 2011
Materials and Methods: We instilled cyclopentolate 1% drops and refracted the patient followed after a few days with atropine eye drops 1% instillation and the results of both drugs were compared. The data are presented as mean and standard deviation [SD]. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software 19. A P-value of lessthan0.05 was considered statistically significant
Results: The total refractions were recorded after cycloplegia with atropine 1% and cyclopentolate 1% eye drops. Atropine refraction [mean4.05 D] was statically insignificantly comparing with cyclopentolate refraction [mean 3.315 D; P>0.05]
Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the cycloplegic refraction values between the two drugs hence cyclopentolate is a safe and effective drug to be used in cycloplegic refraction
RESUMO
Objective: To screen and see the incidence of hepatitis B and C among patients before ocular surgical procedures
Study Design: Prospective / Observational Study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Dow University Hospital [ojha campus] of Dow International Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan from May 2014 to December2014
Patients and Methods: 223 patients above the age of 18 years were screened for hepatitis B and C before going ocular surgery by immune-chromatographic method [ICT].The patients who were positive for hepatitis were further confirmed by Enzyme LinkedImmunosorbent Assay [ELISA]
Results: Total number of patients screened was 223. 11 [4.93%] patients were positive for hepatitis B and C, out of which 2[0.9%] were hepatitis B positive and 9[4%] were hepatitis C positive. Prevalence among male patient was 6.97% while among female was 2.12%
Conclusion: The eye patients show high incidence of hepatitis B and C. Therefore, it is mandatory for all patients who need ocular surgery to be screened by serological test for hepatitis B and C preoperatively
RESUMO
To see the prevalence of different refractive errors and their relation to age and sex in patients presenting in the Outpatient department of Ophthalmology at Dow University of Health Science. Cross sectional study This study was carried out at the out-patient department of Ophthalmology Dow University of Health Science [OJHA campus], Karachi Pakistan from January 2011 to June 2011. Total of 691 patients were included in the study. The testing and examination protocol included visual acuity measurement using Snellen and E chart after auto refraction, cycloplegic retinoscopy in children and examination of anterior segment and fundus in all patients. Mean age was 42.11 +/- 17.35 years. Males were 323 and females were 368 in number. The most frequent refractive error was Myopia which was found in 153 [22.1%] patients and the second frequent refractive error was Myopic Astigmatism at a frequency of 148[21.4%]; p value was 0.037. Thus Myopia and myopic astigmatism were the most frequent refractive error in age group ranging from 05-75 years. In our study we found Myopia to be the most common refractive error [n=153 22.1%] followed by Myopic Astigmatism [n=148 21.4%]. Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism were seen in males more than females while hypermetropia, hypermetropic astigmatism and mixed astigmatism were seen in more in females as compared to males